Canadians value their health. The World Health Organization defines health as being disease-free and having a high degree of social, mental and physical well-being (World Health Organization, n.d.). This definition was developed in 1948 and today seems rather simplistic when considering the many elements that influence human health. The Canadian Institute for Health Information introduces several elements that have a bearing on both population and individual health. Elements such as genetics, the physical environments we live in, our incomes, education, and social connections can all have a significant impact on our health (Canadian Institute of Health Information, 2004). Although Canada is considered one of the healthiest countries in the world, some Canadians are healthier than others. Not everyone is afforded the same opportunities to lead a healthy life and some people experience challenges that are insurmountable, affecting their quality of health (Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC, 2018).
Health inequalities exist when Canadians experience circumstances in life that are unfair or unreasonable, yet changeable, such as poverty. Poverty affects health in a variety of ways. Those living with low incomes generally have poorer health than those with high incomes. The ability to purchase nutritious food, clothing and adequate housing in a safe community is essential to personal health (PHAC).
Health equity exists only when policies are implemented to address unfair systems that result in health inequalities. These policies need to ensure that everyone has equal access to opportunities that are beneficial to health (PHAC).
Because of the many factors influencing health, decisions made outside of the health care sector can have a substantial effect on the health of Canadians and in turn on the health care system itself. Public policy on spending, education, social and housing supports all directly impact health and health equities. To improve the health of Canadians, we need to work together and move to an upstream approach with an emphasis on addressing the determinants of health.
Canadian Institute of Health Information, Improving the Health of Canadians: The Flagship Report from the Canadian Population Health Initiative. (2004). PsycEXTRA Dataset. doi:10.1037/e509012013-030, Retrieved May 30, 2019, from https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/IHC2004rev_e.pdf
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